Underage Drinking A Big Problem Essay - 1066 Words

Underage Drinking: A Big Problem nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Underage drinking is wide spread through out the United States. According to Klaidman, of 10 million people under the age 21 who admitted theyd had a cocktail in the last month, 4.4 million said that they are quot;binge drinkers,quot; or people who have had more than four drinks in a row. Also, alcohol use among 12 to 17 year olds has risen .9% over the past three years (137). Lack of entertainment on college campuses and easy availability of alcohol can lead to underage drinking as well. Here at UWEC, it is easy to find a party where alcohol is provided to underage drinkers. There is also not much else to do in Eau Claire, unless one has access to a motor vehicle.†¦show more content†¦To sum up, lowering the drinking is not a viable solution to the problem of underage drinking. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another solution to the problem of underage drinking is enacting stricter penalties on those who choose to drink under the legal age. The consequences of underage drinking can range from fines to jail time to drivers license suspensions to community service (What Are the Facts of Underage Drinking). According to Renee Fisher, Kansas legislators lowered the limit of intoxication from .08 to .02 for underage drinkers. This means it takes less alcohol for someone under 21 to be legally intoxicated. According to the Associated Press, New Jersey legislators approved a bill that would allow police to arrest people under the age of 21 who possess alcoholic beverages on private property. In Michigan, people underage can now be charged for attempting to quot;purchase, consume, or possessquot; alcohol (Rhodes). Although it is good that the government is taking steps to curb underage drinking, these measures will probably not have much of an effect. When people under 21 go out to drink, they are not thinking of the consequences of their actions, they just want to have fun. They worry about being caught, but this will make them more cautious, not stop them from drinking. Even if they are caught, this probably will not stop them from drinking again.Show MoreRelatedThe Plague Of Underage Drinking1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe Plague of Underage Drinking â€Å"Every year in the U.S., roughly 5,000 people under the age of 21 die from an alcohol-related incident including car crashes, homicides, suicides, alcohol poisoning and other related injuries† ( â€Å"11 Facts About Alcohol Abuse†). That is 5,000 more teens or young adults that could be saved from this plague in this society (11 Facts About Alcohol Abuse). Underage drinking and alcoholism is a huge problem in the United States, and as a society need to make a change withRead MoreAlcohol Advertising: the Cause of Underage Drinking? Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesLinzay Workman Advanced Composition Rose Bunch Paper 3: Literature Review Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? The question, Is alcohol advertising the cause of underage drinking? seems to flow through the minds of many American families. The answer to the question largely depends upon the families view on drinking in general. Some homes encourage drinking every once in a while, for social purposes; while others condemn it all together. The topic is very controversialRead More Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? Essay example1079 Words   |  5 Pages Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The question, â€Å"Is alcohol advertising the cause of underage drinking?† seems to flow through the minds of many American families. The answer to the question largely depends upon the families view on drinking in general. Some homes encourage drinking every once in a while, for social purposes; while others condemn it all together. The topic is very controversial with several factors weighing in such as religionRead MoreLowering the Drinking Age from 21 Would be Irresponsible Essay577 Words   |  3 PagesLowering the drinking age from 21 would be irresponsible. People argue that lowering the drinking age is not smart because most youths still have not yet reached a mature age to handle alcohol. Teens that include themselves in an unsafe environment are likely to endure in self-harm and encounter in binge drinking. The Alcohol Policy Information System says, â€Å"Annually, about 5,000 youth under the age of 21 die in incidents due to underage d rinking† (â€Å"Drinking†). I believe the drinking age shouldRead MoreThe Debate Of The Drinking Age959 Words   |  4 PagesThe drinking age has always been twenty-one in the United States, whenever it has been questioned on why twenty-one and not eighteen. The scientific answer has always been because the eighteen-year-old brain is not fully developed yet. See what I have a hard time understanding is why eighteen-year-olds are considered adults at the age of eighteen, but we can’t have a drink. At eighteen you are allowed to buy cigarettes, join the army, change your name. I just don’t understand why at eighteen youRead More Effects of Underage Drinking on Society Essay1100 Words   |  5 PagesUnderage Drinking Anyone who is below eighteen years of age is considered as underage and laws in many countries prohibit such a person from consuming alcohol. Alcohol happens to be the most commonly abused drug not only among the youth but also among adults. This paper explores underage drinking, its effects on the society and outlines what can be done to curb it. Young people are considered to constitute the largest number of alcohol consumers and they account for a large portion of alcoholRead MoreTo What Extent Should The Drinking Age Be Lowered?867 Words   |  4 PagesIt is no secret that underage drinking is rampant in the United States. Though it’s illegal for anyone under the age of 21 to buy or possess alcohol, people under the age of 21 accounts for 17.5% of consumer spending for alcohol nationwide and 90% of that is consumed through binge drinking (Tracy). According to the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, about 9.3 million Americans between ages 12-20 report current alcohol consumption (Distillers Fighting). With alcohol being one the most commonlyRead MoreEssay on Solutions to the Underage Drinking Problem681 Words   |  3 PagesSolutions to the Underage Drinking Problem As more and more innocent lives are taken by accidents involving alcohol, its no wonder why the drinking age is enforced. Consumption of alcohol doesnt just pertain to drinking and driving but is also involved in teen deaths such as suicide, homicide, and other accidents including drowning. Last year, 224 Texans under the age of 21 died in traffic accidents caused by drunken drivers. How well is it being enforced though? A GallupRead MoreThe Consequences Of Underage Drinking1745 Words   |  7 PagesConsequences of Underage Drinking While alcohol may not be the most dangerous of drugs, it is harmful nonetheless. There have been many research studies done by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism that prove this to be true. Binge drinking is drinking with the purpose of getting drunk, and is the most common form of alcohol consumption while it is also the most dangerous. There have been numerous researches by other organizations and scientists that have demonstrated just how dangerousRead MoreUnderage Drinking851 Words   |  4 PagesUnderage drinking is becoming more of a noticeable problem in society, not only with high school students, but also with younger generations. Drinking is all over the television, the radio, and talked about in schools, public places, etc. Alcohol advertisements are more and more appealing to younger generations. If our youth is educated at a younger age, if school policies were stricter, and if clubs and bars cracked down on underage drinking the problem would not b e as serious. Youth should be

A.V Lundstedt- Scandinavian Realist Free Essays

Brief Historical Background of A V Lundstedt Lundstedt (1882-1955) was a Swedish jurist and a proponent of Scandinavian Legal Realism. He was also a professor of Law at the University of Uppsala in Sweden, from 1914 to 1952. Similarly to Haegerstrom, Ross and Olivercrona, he resisted the exposition of rights as metaphysical entities- contending that realistic legal analysis should dispense with such ideology. We will write a custom essay sample on A.V Lundstedt- Scandinavian Realist or any similar topic only for you Order Now Beyond being a prominent tort law scholar, Lundstedt was also a social democratic member of the Swedish Parliament from 1929 to 1948. The body of his work can be viewed as an attempt to revolutionise the field of jurisprudence by transforming the law into a catalyst for political and social reform. Legal Knowledge and Legal Science Lundstedt is regarded by some as the most extreme and buoyant of the Scandinavian realists. Lundstedt advocated that legal science should be conceived of as a real science, and to that end he rejected traditional legal science. His main objection to traditional legal science was that it employed metaphysical concepts; inter alia, â€Å"right†, â€Å"duty†, â€Å"wrong –doing† and â€Å"guilt†. The focal point of his theoretical work was his sustained attacks towards what he termed the method of justice. The method of justice is the turn of phrase used by Lundstedt to denote traditional legal science, (derived from the traditional method of natural law), which holds that human beings are persons endowed with legal rights and duties. He was of the view that the term â€Å"right† and other metaphysical concepts employed by traditional legal science, were all illusory concepts ; that they were naught else but an intellectual play with expressions of feeling – as if something real were designated thereby. Such concepts could not be used because they did not refer to any natural facts – therefore the terms were devoid of any conceptual meaning. To cement the sphere of legal knowledge as a bonafide, real science – legal science must be an empirical science, which deals with social facts: â€Å"As a science jurisprudence [legal science] must be founded on experience, observation of facts and actual connections, and consequently be a natural science. † He perceived that terms such as â€Å"legal order† and legal rules† are not concepts but merely empty words that ought to be replaced with the term â€Å"legal machinery†. Legal machinery in this vain, is used to denote the psychological factors that determine human behaviour in relation to the use of legal vocabulary. He postulated that legal concepts such as â€Å"right† and â€Å"duty† are also bereft of any conceptual meaning and should be abandoned. Therefore, the legal vocabulary of traditional legal science is to be understood as a matter of using words and noises to cause the appropriate behaviour; these words and noises are not concepts which could be said to be the reasons for human conduct. However Lundstedt conceded in his writings that, there are some realities that correspond to the concept of â€Å"rights†- namely, a position of advantage and safety, which is a result of the regular enforcement of certain legal rules and the psychological effects this had on the minds of people. In short, because the courts come to one’s aid when a person alleges an infringement of a â€Å"right†, a layman is left with the psychological impression that his/her right is real because the courts have sought to address the â€Å"wrong† they were done. As discussed earlier, the term â€Å"right† does not designate anything observable, tangible nor anything capable of sensory perception. One cannot show you their right- and thus Lundstedt argued that a â€Å"right† is a fictitious entity. It must be borne in mind that Lundstedt’s line of reasoning is not what is understood by the term â€Å"rights† when referenced in legal science nor in the public mind, and therefore he argued that it would be better still, to do away with the concept altogether. This stringent scientific attitude of Lundstedt’s , was committed to replacing the magical/metaphysical terms associated with traditional legal science scholarship, with scientific concepts having a basis in reality. In Lundstedt’s view, the scientific concepts were essentially empirical laws, stating the causal relations between the legal words and their effects upon human behaviour. The Method of Social Welfare Lundstedt was of the view that there was no objective means to define the requirements of justice, and that invocations of justice cloaked purely subjective preferences – i. e. he divergences of opinion concerning whether the death penalty is just. Alternatively he argued that such invocations of justice were representations of unacceptable metaphysical claims – i. e. in ancient Rome it was believed that the Emperor was the chosen emissary of God. For this reason, Lundstedt endeavoured to replace the method of justice with the method of social wel fare, in solving legal problems. The method of social welfare is premised on social aims- that the aim of all legal activities such as judicial decision making, and the promulgation of legislation should be geared toward benefiting mankind. He emphasised that his notion of social welfare was not a moral or philosophical principle, but that the term should be understood in a descriptive sense; representing the actual valuations of people in society. He ardently denied that his method of social welfare was in anyway way related to the ethical theories of Jeremy Bentham or John Stuart Mill, as his theory was criticised as just another version of utilitarianism. For example, Lundstedt stated the purpose of punishment is not for revenge, but to maintain a system that is for the benefit of all i. . a system in which a thief is held liable for his damages. Were the purpose of the law to be â€Å"justice†, he opined that it could be argued that theft should be condoned if the thief is considerably worse off than the person(s) from whom he stole. (An illustration of why he rejected the concept of justice) Lundstedt argued that the method of social welfare is a scientific approach, as it is premised upon the reality of hum an needs and wants; and that the aforenamed are facts to be known by science. Lundstedt believed that his method should inform and shape legislation; as it was centred on the objective study of social conditions, and on the practical effects and capabilities of the law in improving society for all its members. In furthering his views that the law should be used as a vehicle for social reform, Lundstedt used this method as a line of argument against a proposed prohibition law in the 1920s. He was of the view that such a ban would harm the public respect for the law. In the 1930s he once again used his method to advocate for the decriminalization of homosexuality, which was quite a radical stance to take, taking into account the times in which he lived. Lundstedt’s arguments have been criticised as being not altogether convincing, as he failed to prove that people generally and truly supported the values he advocated. Moreover, he did not provide a measure for those situations in which the valuations of people differed greatly. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. J Bjarup, The Philosophy of Scandinavian Legal Realism (2005) [ 2 ]. J-O Sundell, Vilhelm Lundstedt- A Biographical Sketch , (2010) [ 3 ]. Supra [ 4 ]. J Strang, Two Generations of Scandinavian Legal Realists,(2009) [ 5 ]. T Spaak, Naturalism in Scandinavian and American Realism: Similarities and Differences, [ 6 ]. Supra [ 7 ]. J Bjarup, The Philosophy of Scandinavian Legal Realism (2005) [ 8 ]. M Freeman P Mindus, The Legacy of John Austin’s Jurisprudence [ 9 ]. A. V. Lundstedt, Legal Thinking Revised, (1956) 10 ]. M Freeman P Mindus, The Legacy of John Austin’s Jurisprudence, [ 11 ]. Supra [ 12 ]. M Freeman P Mindus, The Legacy of John Austin’s Jurisprudence [ 13 ]. J Strang, Two Generations of Scandinavian Realists,(2009) [ 14 ]. Supra [ 15 ]. J Bjarup, The Philosophy of Scandinavian Legal Realism, (2005) [ 16 ]. Supra [ 17 ]. Some believe that it is the retribution of society that justifies the death penalty, whilst others aver that it is not for mortals to deprive the ‘killer’ of life. Whichever side of the coin you fall, your perception as to what is just and moreover whether the death penalty is or is not an injustice depends heavily upon your feelings and values concerning human life. [ 18 ]. J Bjarup, The Philosophy of Scandinavian Legal Realism, (2005) [ 19 ]. Supra [ 20 ]. J Strang, Two Generations of Scandinavian Realists,(2009) [ 21 ]. Supra [ 22 ]. J-O Sundell, Vilhelm Lundstedt- A Biographical Sketch , (2010) [ 23 ]. J Bjarup, The Philosophy of Scandinavian Legal Realism, (2005) How to cite A.V Lundstedt- Scandinavian Realist, Papers

Essay on Mental Health a Health Issue Prevalent in Aboriginal

Questions: Consider mental health a health issue prevalent among Aboriginal communities in Australia. Using the health condition provided, write an essay, cover the areas below: Explore the connection between Aboriginal history and the impact of colonisation and racism on health outcomes. Apply social determinants of health framework to understand health and illness in relation to the health issue. Discuss the implications of effective communication in improving health literacy and providing culturally safe care for Aboriginal people. Answers: Explore the connection between Aboriginal history and the impact of colonization and racism on health outcomes Various determinants draw the attention towards the importance of the inequalities in the healthcare that are mainly faced by the racial groups in Aboriginal, its important that the race, culture and the status of aboriginal should be contextualized for capturing accurately what is behind the variations in health outcomes (Brascoup and Waters 2009). Culture and status of aboriginal are considered as social determinants of health as it also has a history of oppression and colonization. People of aboriginal also have to face the issues of racism (Brascoup and Waters 2009). In the year 2007, the World Health organization (WHO) on the Health social determinates has explored that racism is the structural determinant of the health, and it could be understood at the individual level, which means interpersonal discrimination. Its noted that the interpersonal racism experiences might have the detriments effects on health (Brascoup and Waters 2009). It is explored by the researchers that there are many negative effects of health outcome on the aboriginal people due to the racial groups, as this stress is related with the racial discrimination. In this context, people from aboriginal examine culture with historical context, as it influences the access of opportunities for the community health (Kelaher, Ferdinand and Paradies 2011). The colonialism legacy has many distributed resources and is referred as the way that systematically gives benefit to the people of aboriginal. The history of aboriginal is related with the impact of racism on aboriginal people, as it direct impact the cultural safety, which is beyond the knowledge and understanding about addressing the power dynamics among the indigenous users of health service and basic no indigenous providers of healthcare that tries to root the broader power structure and influences the health of people from aboriginal (Kelaher, Ferdinand and Paradies 2011). Apply social determinants of health framework to understand health and illness in relation to the health issue In the recent years, there is a growing understanding about the significance of social determinates of health. This term mainly encompass not only social, but rather it also focuses on economic, political, environmental, as well as cultural determinants (Larson, Gilles, Howard and Coffin 2007). The economic and social conditions and its impact on the life of people could determine the illness risk and the actions taken for preventing it to become ill or treat the illness when it occurs. As per the WHO, the health social determinants are mainly responsible for the inequalities of health, which is unfair as well as avoidable differences in the status of health, which could be seen within the aboriginal (Larson, Gilles, Howard and Coffin 2007). These crises are reflected within the enormous disparity in social determinants of health. The social gradient in context of employment, housing, empowerment, education, and access to justice is directly associated with the disastrous outcome of health (Paradies and Cunningham 2009). They are directly connected with the ongoing impacts of substance abuse, negligence of child, family violence, and abuse. In aboriginal social issues are increasing. Its noted that economic inequality might be more important in social determinates of health in comparison to absolute poverty. As the gap is more between the rich and poor, health status is continuously declining (Paradies and Cunningham 2009). Its also noted that social standing mainly run at twice of the risk related to serious illness as well as premature death. This is the impact, which is limited to the poor people, but extends all across the strata of the entire society. Its noted that social and the psychological circumstances might create the long term stress (Paradies and Cunningham 2009). Regular anxiety, low self esteem, insecurity, lack of control over the work, and home life holds powerful impact on the health, mainly over the immune and cardiovascular systems. Discuss the implication of effective communication in improving health literacy and providing culturally safe care for Aboriginal people. Effective communication is required in improving the awareness about the health literacy and also making people aware about the cultural safety in aboriginal (Brown 2001). Through communication likelihood could be increased through setting up the mutual positive as well as beneficial relationship among the patients. It also enhances the confidence level and ownership along with self empowerment for the patients, in result of their capacity to understand about the information, treatment, prevention, diagnosis, and own health management (Brown 2001). It also helps in reducing the misunderstanding and errors that are associated with the treatment and diagnosis in the healthcare. It also reduces the non-compliance medicals and even discharges it against the medical advice (Parker and Ben-Tovim 2002). It also enhances the professional and personal skills, and enhances the level of reputation and respect among the health practitioners and patients. Health communication is considered as the mass communication activity that mainly stress over improving the individual health (Parker and Ben-Tovim 2002). Both health communication and literacy can be viewed from different concepts like health communication can help in exchanging the health literacy in reference to language and culture. Briefly outline the current initiatives by the government and describe any possible future solutions that may improve Indigenous health for mental health The Policy of National mental Health 2008 offers vision for the system of mental health, and even enables recovery, and detects the mental illness of the patient and even ensures about the Aboriginal having the problems of mental illness for accessing the relevant treatment as well as support from community within the community (Andrulis and Brach 2007). The Fourth Plan of National mental Health also guides the reforms of mental health, which even outlines the policies of mental health and explores the main actions of progress towards fulfilling the policy vision (Berkman, Davis and McCormack 2010). It suggests about the entire government approach and even acknowledges that various determinants of mental health create influence on health system. The government also enhances the indigenous workers capacity for supporting the health practitioners, nurses, counselors, health workers of aboriginal. References Brascoup, S. and Waters, C. 2009. Cultural safety: Exploring the applicability of the concept of cultural safety to aboriginal health and community wellness. Journal of Aboriginal Health, 5(2), pp. 6-41. Kelaher, M.A., Ferdinand, A. S. and Paradies, Y. 2011. Experiencing racism in health care: the mental health impacts for Victorian Aboriginal communities. Med J Aust, 1, pp. 44-47. Larson, A., Gilles, M., Howard, P. J., and Coffin J. 2007. Its enough to make you sick: The impact of racism on the health of Aboriginal Australians. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 31(4), pp. 32229 Paradies, Y., and Cunningham, J. 2009. Experiences of racism among urban Indigenous Australians: Findings from the DRUID study. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(3), pp. 54873. Brown, R. 2001. Australian Indigenous Mental Health. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 10, pp. 33-41. Parker, R., and Ben-Tovim, D. I. 2002. A study of factors affecting suicide in Aboriginal and other populations in the Top End of the Northern Territory through an audit of coronial records. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36, pp. 404-410. Andrulis, D. P., and Brach, C. 2007. Integrating Literacy, Culture, and Language to Improve Health Care Quality for Diverse Populations. American Journal of Health Behaviour, 31(1), pp. 122-133. Berkman, N. D., Davis, T. C., and McCormack, L. 2010. Health Literacy: What Is It? Journal of Health Communication: International Perspectives, 15(2), pp. 9-19.

TWC Management Consultancy for Buckson’s †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the TWC Management Consultancy for Bucksons. Answer: TWC Management Consultancy for Bucksons Representing the TWC Management Consultancy, we would like to recommend that since its a supermarket environment, three things will be extremely important in this situation: A faster check- out system is required because it will save on time and cost involved while customers come for billing. A new website and application- it is required so that the products can be see and bought online which even might require employees to learn that how to track what has been ordered online and pack and send for delivery. This will enhance the visibility of the store. A van delivery service- it will actually get them business but the employees need to very efficient in terms of packing and sending off orders, be it online or offline orders. To actually have the program being implemented, for maintaining the ease for the employees, it is very important Bucksons to simplify and make all the employees understand the new way of automation and modernization. (Storey, 2007, pg 63) Eye on the Goal: Explain the stakeholders especially employees that as to- How will this technology actually help their organization to achieve its targets and then how does that help them? Explaining and Training Them: Explain, train and clarify, we need to show the team how it will help and explain its accessibility from anywhere for the customers, thus helping them to be pre- ready. (Whelan, et. al 2010) Feedback, Progression, and Innovation: Having robust feedback mechanisms in place because of the simple fact that it will boost engagement and will inform how good and bad things are. References Storey, J. (2007) Human resource management today: an assessment in Storey, J. (Ed.), Human Resource Management: A Critical Text, Thomson, London. pg 63 Whelan-Berry, K.S. and Somerville, K.A. (2010) Linking change drivers and the organizational change process a review and synthesis, Journal of Change Management, 10 (2), pp.175-193

Harvard Admissions Essay - How to Write a Sample Admission Essay

Harvard Admissions Essay - How to Write a Sample Admission EssayA Harvard admissions essay is a requirement for the majority of applicants who wish to attend a major university. It is your responsibility to show your ability to add to the diversity of perspectives on campus. Consider the attributes that make you unique and how they will help you contribute to the overall culture of Harvard. Writing an admissions essay is not a simple task, but it is made easier if you are guided by several ideas in this article.Try not to re-write what you wrote in your statement or your proposal, instead use your sample admission essay to build upon your plan. You can take ideas from the admission essay to incorporate into your own essay. For example, if you did not include the one specific idea, you can insert it as a separate idea. Write a paragraph or two that examines the following three things. Be sure to make them specific to the program you are applying to, although the goal is to include the whole essay in the sample essay.Example: How will you contribute to the diversity of your classmates? One important idea you can add to your introduction is your future goals. Examples of goals might be to become a teacher, a law professor, a computer programmer, or a venture capitalist. Your admission essay should include information about what you will do to achieve these goals and how you expect to use this experience in your life and future.Analysis: Determine the impact of diversity and inclusion. Write a paragraph or two on this topic. Why is diversity important at Harvard? Ask yourself: Who are the people who would benefit most from the diversity of perspectives?Conflict and Cooperation: An admission essay is your chance to demonstrate the ability to work with others. Try to express an opinion or insight through which you will contribute to the discussion. Allow others to finish, but provide an explanation as to why you think your contribution is important. Before you are fi nished, be sure to ask someone else for permission to reprint what you have written.Demonstrate your capacity to handle internal conflict. A paragraph or two of introduction is a good place to include this concept. An admission essay is a reflection of your character. These three ideas should form the basis of your essay.Writing an admission essay is a very important part of getting in. These ideas are not necessarily the only ones that can help you succeed in school, but they will give you an idea of what to expect.

About the U.S. Department of State

About the U.S. Department of State The United States Department of State also referred to as â€Å"the State Department† or simply â€Å"State,† is the executive branch department of the United States federal government primarily responsible for administering U.S. foreign policy and consulting with the President of the United States and Congress on international diplomatic issues and policies. The mission statement of the State Department reads: â€Å"To advance freedom for the benefit of the American people and the international community by helping to build and sustain a more democratic, secure, and prosperous world composed of well-governed states that respond to the needs of their people, reduce widespread poverty, and act responsibly within the international system.† The primary functions of the State Department include: Provide protection and assistance for U.S. citizens traveling or living abroad;Assist U.S. businesses and industries operating in the global marketplace;Coordinate and provide support for international activities of other U.S. agencies, official visits overseas and at home, and other diplomatic efforts;Inform the public about U.S. foreign policy and relations with other countries and provide feedback from the public to administration officials. Similar the foreign ministries in other nations, the State Department conduct international diplomatic relations on the part of the United States by negotiating treaties and other agreements with foreign governments. The State Department also represents the United States in the United Nations. Created in 1789, the State Department was the first executive branch department established after final  ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Headquartered in the Harry S Truman Building in Washington, D.C., the State Department currently operates 294 U.S. embassies around the world and oversees compliance of more than 200 international treaties. As an agency of the president’s Cabinet, the State Department is led by the Secretary of State, as nominated by the president and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. The Secretary of State is second in the line of presidential succession after the Vice President of the United States. In addition to assisting with the international activities of other U.S. government agencies, the State Department provides many important services to U.S. citizens traveling and living abroad and to foreign citizens trying to visit or immigrate to the United States. In perhaps its most publicly noticeable role the State Department issues U.S. Passports to U.S. citizens allowing them to travel to and return from foreign countries and travel visas to U.S. citizens and non-citizen residents. In addition, the State Department’s Consular Information Program informs the American public of conditions abroad that may affect their safety and security while traveling abroad. Country-specific travel information and global Travel Alerts and Warnings are vital parts of the program. The State Department also oversees all U.S. foreign aid and development programs such as the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. All activities of the State Department, including foreign assistance programs, representing the U.S. abroad, countering international crime and human trafficking, and all other services and programs are paid for through the foreign affairs component of the annual federal budget as requested by the president and approved by Congress. On average, the total State Department expenditure represents just over 1% of the total federal budget, projected to exceed  $4 trillion in 2017.  Ã‚   Brief History of the State Department On July 27, 1789, President George Washington singled a bill passed by the House of Representatives and Senate on July 21, 1789, creating the Department of Foreign Affairs as the first federal agency created under the new Constitution. A law enacted on September 15, 1789, changed the name of the agency to the Department of State and assigned it oversight of a variety of domestic, rather than foreign issues. For example, the law made the Department of State responsible for running the United States Mint and conducting the decennial U.S. census. During the 19th century, these and most of the Department of State’s other domestic duties were turned over to other federal agencies and departments. Appointed by President Washington on September 29, 1789, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, then serving as Minister to France became the first Secretary of State. Appointed before Washington had taken office, John Jay had been serving in as Secretary of Foreign Affairs and continued to function as de-facto Secretary of State until Jefferson returned from France several months later.

Events of the Battle of Lake Erie, War of 1812

Events of the Battle of Lake Erie, War of 1812 The Battle of Lake Erie was fought Sept. 10, 1813, during the War of 1812 (1812-1815). Fleets Commanders: US Navy Master Commandant Oliver H. Perry3 brigs, 5 schooners, 1 sloop Royal Navy Commander Robert Barclay2 ships, 2 brigs, 1 schooner, 1 sloop Background Following the capture of Detroit in August 1812 by Major General Isaac Brock, the British took control of Lake Erie. In an attempt to regain naval superiority on the lake, the US Navy established a base at Presque Isle, PA (Erie, PA) on the recommendation of experienced lake mariner Daniel Dobbins. At this site, Dobbins began building four gunboats in 1812. The following January, Secretary of the Navy William Jones requested that two 20-gun brigs be constructed at Presque Isle. Designed by New York shipbuilder Noah Brown, these vessels were intended to be the foundation of the new American fleet. In March 1813, the new commander of American naval forces on Lake Erie, Master Commandant Oliver H. Perry, arrived at Presque Isle. Assessing his command, he found that there was a general shortage of supplies and men. Preparations While diligently overseeing the construction of the two brigs, named USS Lawrence and USS Niagara, and providing for Presque Isles defense, Perry traveled to Lake Ontario in May 1813, to secure additional seamen from Commodore Isaac Chauncey. While there, he participated in the Battle of Fort George (May 25-27) and collected several gunboats for use on Lake Erie. Departing from Black Rock, he was nearly intercepted by the recently-arrived British commander on Lake Erie, Commander Robert H. Barclay. A veteran of Trafalgar, Barclay had reached the British base of Amherstburg, Ontario on June 10. After reconnoitering Presque Isle, Barclay focused his efforts on completing the 19-gun ship HMS Detroit which was under construction at Amherstburg. As with his American counterpart, Barclay was hampered by a perilous supply situation. Upon taking command, he found that his crews were comprised of a motley mix of sailors from the Royal Navy and Provincial Marine as well as soldiers from the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles and 41st Regiment of Foot. Due to American control of Lake Ontario and the Niagara Peninsula, supplies for the British squadron had to be transported overland from York. This supply line had been disrupted previously in April 1813 due to the British defeat at the Battle of York which saw a shipment of 24-pdr carronades intended for Detroit captured. Blockade of Presque Isle Convinced that construction of Detroit was on target, Barclay departed with his fleet and began a blockade of Presque Isle on July 20. This British presence prevented Perry from moving Niagara and Lawrence over the harbors sandbar and into the lake. Finally, on July 29, Barclay was forced to depart due to low supplies. Due to the shallow water over the sandbars, Perry was forced to remove all of Lawrence and Niagaras guns and supplies as well as employ several camels to sufficiently lessen the brigs draft. The camels were wooden barges that could be flooded, attached to each vessel, and then pumped out to further raise it in the water. This method proved laborious but successful and Perrys men worked to restore the two brigs to fighting condition. Perry Sails Returning several days later, Barclay found that Perrys fleet had cleared the bar. Though neither Lawrence or Niagara was ready for action, he withdrew to await the completion of Detroit. With his two brigs ready for service, Perry received additional seamen from Chauncey including a draft of around 50 men from USS Constitution  which was undergoing a refit at Boston. Departing Presque Isle, Perry met with  General William Henry Harrison at Sandusky, OH before taking effective control of the lake. From this position, he was able to prevent supplies from reaching Amherstburg. As a result, Barclay was forced to seek battle in early September. Sailing from his base, he flew his flag from the recently completed Detroit and was joined by HMS Queen Charlotte (13 guns), HMS Lady Prevost, HMS Hunter, HMS Little Belt, and HMS Chippawa. Perry countered with Lawrence, Niagara, USS Ariel, USS Caledonia, USS Scorpion, USS Somers, USS Porcupine, USS Tigress, and USS Trippe. Commanding from Lawrence, Perrys ships sailed under a blue battle flag emblazoned with Captain James Lawrences immortal command, Dont Give Up the Ship which he uttered during USS Chesapeakes defeat by HMS Shannon  on June 1813. Departing Put-in-Bay (OH) harbor at 7 a.m. on Sept. 10, 1813, Perry placed Ariel and Scorpion at the head of his line, followed by Lawrence, Caledonia, and Niagara. The remaining gunboats trailed to the rear. Perrys Plan As the principal armament of his brigs was short-range carronades, Perry intended to close on Detroit with Lawrence while Lieutenant Jesse Elliot, commanding Niagara, attacked Queen Charlotte. As the two fleets sighted each other, the wind favored the British. This soon changed as it began to lightly blow from the southeast benefiting Perry. With the Americans slowly closing on his ships, Barclay opened the battle at 11:45 a.m. with a long-range shot from Detroit. For the next 30 minutes, the two fleets exchanged shots, with the British getting the better of the action. The Fleets Clash Finally at 12:15, Perry was in a position to open fire with Lawrences carronades. As his guns began pummeling the British ships, he was surprised to see Niagara slowing rather than moving to engage Queen Charlotte. Elliots decision not to attack may have been the result of Caledonia shortening sail and blocking his path. Regardless, his delay in bringing Niagara allowed the British to focus their fire on Lawrence. Though Perrys gun crews inflicted heavy damage on the British, they were soon overwhelmed and Lawrence suffered 80 percent casualties. With the battle hanging by a thread, Perry ordered a boat lowered and transferred his flag to Niagara. After ordering Elliot to row back and hasten the American gunboats which had fallen behind, Perry sailed the undamaged brig into the fray. Aboard the British ships, casualties had been heavy with most of the senior officers wounded or killed. Among those hit was Barclay, who was wounded in the right arm. As Niagara approached, the British attempted to wear ship (turn their vessels). During this maneuver, Detroit and Queen Charlotte collided and became entangled. Surging through Barclays line, Perry pounded the helpless ships. Around 3:00, aided by the arriving gunboats, Niagara was able to compel the British ships to surrender. Aftermath When the smoke settled, Perry had captured the entire British squadron and secured American control of Lake Erie. Writing to Harrison, Perry reported, We have met the enemy and they are ours. American casualties in the battle were 27 dead and 96 wounded. British losses numbered 41 dead, 93 wounded, and 306 captured. Following the victory, Perry ferried Harrisons Army of the Northwest to Detroit where it began its advance into Canada. This campaign culminated in the American victory at the Battle of the Thames on Oct. 5, 1813. To this day, no conclusive explanation has been given as to why Elliot delayed in entering the battle. This action led to a life-long dispute between Perry and his subordinate. Sources â€Å"Battle of Lake Eerie .†Ã‚  Bicentennial  , battleoflakeerie-bicentennial.com/. â€Å"The Battle of Lake Erie.†Ã‚  National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, www.nps.gov/pevi/learn/historyculture/battle_erie_detail.htm. â€Å"The Battle of Lake Eerie .†Ã‚  War of 1812-14, war1812.tripod.com/baterie.html.